Intravesical chemotherapy aims to reduce recurrence and progression but may have limited efficacy and potential side effects.
PD-L1 inhibitors enhance immune response but can cause immune-related adverse events and have variable patient response.
Other immunotherapeutic options stimulate the immune system but require further research to optimize efficacy and safety.
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Katie S. Murray, DO, reviews the standard treatment options for BCG-unresponsive non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), including intravesical chemotherapy, PD-L1 inhibitors, and other immunotherapeutic agents while highlighting the limitations of these therapies, such as incomplete response rates and potential adverse effects.
Please review the standard treatment options (intravesical chemotherapy, PD-L1 inhibitors, other immunotherapeutic options) currently available for patients with BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.